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“The Eighth Amendment prohibits ‘cruel and unusual’ punishment. Do you think what happened to people of Japanese descent was fair?’ They lost their livelihoods, their houses and possessions, and they were held against their will in poorly-built barracks Some people had been forced to live in horse stalls rife with the stench of manure and urine. Armed guards stood on the perimeter with guns pointing inward. Japanese Americans were stigmatized as disloyal, not allowed to prove their innocence.”

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